{"id":6921,"date":"2025-11-03T08:51:34","date_gmt":"2025-11-03T08:51:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/gelsap.com\/?p=6921"},"modified":"2025-11-03T08:52:07","modified_gmt":"2025-11-03T08:52:07","slug":"does-sodium-polyacrylate-react-with-metal-fittings-a-scientific-exploration","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/gelsap.com\/is\/does-sodium-polyacrylate-react-with-metal-fittings-a-scientific-exploration\/","title":{"rendered":"Reagirar natr\u00edum-p\u00f3l\u00fdakr\u00fdl\u00e1t vi\u00f0 m\u00e1lmfestingar? V\u00edsindaleg ranns\u00f3kn"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3 data-start=\"310\" data-end=\"330\"><strong data-start=\"314\" data-end=\"330\">Inngangur<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"332\" data-end=\"771\">Natr\u00edum-p\u00f3l\u00fdakr\u00fdlat (efnaform\u00fala: <span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">(C3H3NaO2)n(C_3H_3NaO_2)_n<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">C<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">3<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">H<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">3<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">N<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">eitt<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u00d3<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose\">)<span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\">n<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>) er eitt af mest notu\u00f0u ofursogandi p\u00f3l\u00fdmerum \u00ed n\u00fat\u00edmaefnisfr\u00e6\u00f0i. \u00deekkt fyrir \u00f3tr\u00falega getu til a\u00f0 gleypa og halda \u00ed vatni\u2014oft hundru\u00f0 sinnum eigi\u00f0 \u00feyngd\u2014er \u00feetta p\u00f3l\u00fdmer a\u00f0 finna \u00ed \u00f3tal notkunarsvi\u00f0um: bleyjum, heilbrig\u00f0isv\u00f6rum, jar\u00f0vegsb\u00e6tiefnum \u00ed landb\u00fana\u00f0i, vatnsgeymandi gelum, hreinsiefnum og jafnvel i\u00f0na\u00f0arvatnshreinsikerfum.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"773\" data-end=\"1017\">Vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00feessar notkunara\u00f0fer\u00f0ir fela oft \u00ed s\u00e9r snertingu vi\u00f0 m\u00e1lmhluta\u2014svo sem ry\u00f0fr\u00ed st\u00e1l\u00edl\u00e1t, \u00e1lr\u00f6r, koparr\u00f6r e\u00f0a j\u00e1rntunnur\u2014vekst mikilv\u00e6g spurning: <strong data-start=\"952\" data-end=\"1015\">Er natr\u00edum-p\u00f3l\u00fdakr\u00fdlat \u00e6tandi e\u00f0a vi\u00f0brag\u00f0shrint a\u00f0 m\u00e1lmum?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1019\" data-end=\"1335\">Stutta svari\u00f0 er <strong data-start=\"1039\" data-end=\"1057\">ekki e\u00f0lisl\u00e6gt<\/strong>, en undir \u00e1kve\u00f0num umhverfisa\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0um\u2014s\u00e9rstaklega \u00ed n\u00e6rveru vatns, s\u00farefnis og salta\u2014getur \u00fea\u00f0 <strong data-start=\"1164\" data-end=\"1196\">\u00d3beint stu\u00f0la a\u00f0 t\u00e6ringu<\/strong>Til a\u00f0 skilja hvers vegna \u00feurfum vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 kanna efnae\u00f0li \u00feess, hvernig \u00fea\u00f0 hefur samskipti vi\u00f0 m\u00e1lmfl\u00f6t og hva\u00f0a \u00fe\u00e6ttir hafa \u00e1hrif \u00e1 heg\u00f0un \u00feess.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"1337\" data-end=\"1340\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"1342\" data-end=\"1391\"><strong data-start=\"1346\" data-end=\"1391\">Efnae\u00f0li natr\u00edum-p\u00f3l\u00fdakr\u00fdlats<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"1393\" data-end=\"1691\">Natr\u00edum-p\u00f3l\u00fdakr\u00fdlat er <strong data-start=\"1418\" data-end=\"1439\">gervip\u00f3l\u00fdmer<\/strong> mynda\u00f0 me\u00f0 p\u00f3l\u00fdmer\u00edsun akr\u00fdls\u00fdru (CH\u2082=CH\u2013COOH), og s\u00ed\u00f0an <strong data-start=\"1512\" data-end=\"1552\">hlutlausun me\u00f0 natr\u00edumh\u00fddrox\u00ed\u00f0i<\/strong> (NaOH). Endurtekningar einingin inniheldur a <strong data-start=\"1591\" data-end=\"1623\">karb\u00f3k\u0633\u06cc\u043b\u0430\u0442-h\u00f3pur (-COO\u207bNa\u207a)<\/strong>, sem gefur p\u00f3l\u00fdmerinu j\u00f3nbundna og vatnsdregandi eiginleika.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1693\" data-end=\"2037\">\u00cd \u00feurrku formi er \u00fea\u00f0 hv\u00edtt, kornkennt, \u00f3eitra\u00f0 f\u00f6st efni. \u00deegar \u00fea\u00f0 kemst \u00ed snertingu vi\u00f0 vatn losna natr\u00edumj\u00f3nirnar, og karb\u00f3x\u00fdlatr\u00fappurnar la\u00f0a sterkt a\u00f0 s\u00e9r vatnssameindir me\u00f0 vetnisbindingu og rafst\u00f6\u00f0uatbur\u00f0um. \u00deetta lei\u00f0ir til myndunar \u00e1 <strong data-start=\"1965\" data-end=\"1994\">gelkennt hydrogelnet<\/strong> F\u00e6r um a\u00f0 halda miklu magni v\u00f6kva.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2039\" data-end=\"2348\">\u00dea\u00f0 sem skiptir mestu m\u00e1li er a\u00f0 natr\u00edum-p\u00f3l\u00fdakr\u00fdlat er ekki s\u00fdruefni\u2014\u00fea\u00f0 er <strong data-start=\"2095\" data-end=\"2130\">Natr\u00edumsalt fj\u00f6lakr\u00fdls\u00fdru<\/strong>, sem \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 er venjulega <strong data-start=\"2156\" data-end=\"2174\">a\u00f0eins einfalt<\/strong> e\u00f0a <strong data-start=\"2178\" data-end=\"2194\">n\u00e6st hlutlausu<\/strong> \u00ed vatnavist (pH \u2248 6\u20138). \u00deessi v\u00e6ga bas\u00edska e\u00f0li gerir \u00fea\u00f0 mun minna \u00e1r\u00e1sargjarnt en \u00f6flug s\u00fdrur e\u00f0a basar sem geta beint t\u00e6r\u00f0 m\u00e1lma.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"2350\" data-end=\"2353\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"2355\" data-end=\"2399\"><strong data-start=\"2359\" data-end=\"2399\">2. Almenn samr\u00fdmanleiki vi\u00f0 m\u00e1lma<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"2401\" data-end=\"2505\">\u00cd flestum i\u00f0na\u00f0ar- og neytendaforritum er natr\u00edum-p\u00f3l\u00fdakr\u00fdlat <strong data-start=\"2470\" data-end=\"2496\">Samh\u00e6ft vi\u00f0 m\u00e1lma<\/strong> eins og:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"2507\" data-end=\"3034\">\n<li data-start=\"2507\" data-end=\"2613\">\n<p data-start=\"2509\" data-end=\"2613\"><strong data-start=\"2509\" data-end=\"2539\">Rustfr\u00edtt st\u00e1l (304\/316):<\/strong> Fr\u00e1b\u00e6r vi\u00f0n\u00e1m; engin veruleg t\u00e6run s\u00e9st vi\u00f0 hlutlaust pH.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2614\" data-end=\"2770\">\n<p data-start=\"2616\" data-end=\"2770\"><strong data-start=\"2616\" data-end=\"2629\">\u00c1l:<\/strong> Geymi\u00f0 \u00ed \u00feurrum e\u00f0a \u00f6rl\u00edti\u00f0 r\u00f6kum umhverfi; langvarandi snerting vi\u00f0 vatnsb\u00f3lgi\u00f0 gel getur valdi\u00f0 sta\u00f0bundinni oxun vegna rakahalds.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2771\" data-end=\"2907\">\n<p data-start=\"2773\" data-end=\"2907\"><strong data-start=\"2773\" data-end=\"2794\">K\u00f3p\u00e1r og messing:<\/strong> Almennt st\u00f6\u00f0ugt; \u00fe\u00f3 getur innilokun s\u00farefnis og vatns \u00ed gelinu leitt til <strong data-start=\"2869\" data-end=\"2896\">H\u00e6g yfirbor\u00f0sbleiking<\/strong> me\u00f0 t\u00edmanum<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2908\" data-end=\"3034\">\n<p data-start=\"2910\" data-end=\"3034\"><strong data-start=\"2910\" data-end=\"2935\">J\u00e1rn e\u00f0a kolefnisst\u00e1l:<\/strong> M\u00f6guleikar \u00e1 <strong data-start=\"2950\" data-end=\"2970\">aukinn t\u00e6run<\/strong> ef geli\u00f0 er \u00ed langvarandi snertingu vi\u00f0 \u00f3h\u00fa\u00f0u\u00f0 yfirbor\u00f0.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"3036\" data-end=\"3215\">\u00deetta \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir a\u00f0 natr\u00edum-p\u00f3l\u00fdakr\u00fdlat sj\u00e1lft gerir \u00fea\u00f0 ekki <strong data-start=\"3088\" data-end=\"3109\">kem\u00edsk \u00e1r\u00e1s<\/strong> m\u00e1lmar, en \u00feess <strong data-start=\"3126\" data-end=\"3169\">eiginleikar efnislegir og rafefnafr\u00e6\u00f0ilegir<\/strong> getur haft \u00e1hrif \u00e1 t\u00e6runarferli \u00f3beint.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"3217\" data-end=\"3220\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"3222\" data-end=\"3286\"><strong data-start=\"3226\" data-end=\"3286\">3. Hvernig natr\u00edum-p\u00f3l\u00fdakr\u00fdlat getur <a href=\"http:\/\/redsacre.com\">\u00c1hrif m\u00e1lmari\u00f0nunar<\/a><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"3288\" data-end=\"3426\">\u00de\u00f3 a\u00f0 natr\u00edum-p\u00f3l\u00fdakr\u00fdlat s\u00e9 ekki t\u00e6randi \u00ed hef\u00f0bundnum skilningi, geta nokkrir ferlar leitt til <strong data-start=\"3394\" data-end=\"3417\">anna\u00f0 k\u00f3r\u00f3ner<\/strong> \u00e1hrif:<\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"3428\" data-end=\"3458\"><strong data-start=\"3433\" data-end=\"3458\">a. Rakaheldni<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"3460\" data-end=\"3719\">Helsta einkenni p\u00f3l\u00fdmersins \u2013 h\u00e6fileikinn til a\u00f0 fanga vatn \u2013 er tv\u00edeggja\u00f0 sver\u00f0. \u00deegar geli\u00f0 \u00feenst \u00fat og festist vi\u00f0 m\u00e1lmfl\u00f6tum, \u00fea\u00f0 <strong data-start=\"3596\" data-end=\"3616\">heldur raka<\/strong> \u00ed beinu snertingu vi\u00f0 m\u00e1lm, sem dregur \u00far gufun og myndar <strong data-start=\"3685\" data-end=\"3716\">Sta\u00f0bundin \u00f6rumhverfi<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3721\" data-end=\"3945\">Ef s\u00farefni er einnig til sta\u00f0ar, geta \u00feessir votir sta\u00f0ir or\u00f0i\u00f0 <strong data-start=\"3777\" data-end=\"3816\">sv\u00e6\u00f0i fyrir rafefnafr\u00e6\u00f0ilega t\u00e6ringu<\/strong>, s\u00e9rstaklega \u00e1 m\u00e1lmum eins og j\u00e1rni og \u00e1li. Me\u00f0 t\u00edmanum geta \u00feessar a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur leitt til <strong data-start=\"3908\" data-end=\"3919\">holmyndun<\/strong> e\u00f0a <strong data-start=\"3923\" data-end=\"3944\">yfirbor\u00f0soxun<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"3947\" data-end=\"3979\"><strong data-start=\"3952\" data-end=\"3979\">b. Flutningur natr\u00edumj\u00f3na<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"3981\" data-end=\"4288\">\u00deegar \u00fea\u00f0 leysist upp e\u00f0a b\u00f3lgnar \u00ed vatni, losar natr\u00edum-p\u00f3l\u00fdakr\u00fdlat <strong data-start=\"4046\" data-end=\"4058\">Natr\u00edumj\u00f3nir<\/strong>Natr\u00edumj\u00f3nir sj\u00e1lfar eru ekki mj\u00f6g t\u00e6randi, en \u00fe\u00e6r geta breytt j\u00f3nstyrk og raflei\u00f0ni umlykjandi lausnarinnar. <strong data-start=\"4193\" data-end=\"4245\">A\u00f0 hra\u00f0a rafefnafr\u00e6\u00f0ilegum t\u00e6runarhvarfum<\/strong>\u2014s\u00e9rstaklega \u00ed kerfum sem innihalda kl\u00f3r\u00ed\u00f0.<\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"4290\" data-end=\"4326\"><strong data-start=\"4295\" data-end=\"4326\">c. pH-gildi og buffrunar\u00e1hrif<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"4328\" data-end=\"4653\">N\u00fdlega \u00fatb\u00fain natr\u00edum-p\u00f3l\u00fdakr\u00fdl\u00f6tlausn hefur venjulega n\u00e1nast hlutlaust e\u00f0a \u00f6rl\u00edti\u00f0 bas\u00edskt pH. Hins vegar, vi\u00f0 langvarandi \u00fatsetningu fyrir CO\u2082 e\u00f0a umhverfiss\u00fdrum, getur p\u00f3l\u00fdmeri\u00f0 a\u00f0 hluta til <strong data-start=\"4516\" data-end=\"4549\">Umbreyta aftur \u00ed p\u00f3l\u00fdakr\u00fdls\u00fdru<\/strong>, l\u00e6kka pH-gildi. S\u00fdrur\u00edkt \u00f6rumhverfi getur s\u00ed\u00f0an stu\u00f0la\u00f0 a\u00f0 <strong data-start=\"4610\" data-end=\"4630\">s\u00fdrutilfall<\/strong> \u00e1 vi\u00f0kv\u00e6mum m\u00e1lmum<\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"4655\" data-end=\"4689\"><strong data-start=\"4660\" data-end=\"4689\">d. L\u00edfr\u00e6n kvikmyndamyndun<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"4691\" data-end=\"5075\">\u00c1 j\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0u hli\u00f0inni s\u00fdna sumar ranns\u00f3knir a\u00f0 fj\u00f6lakr\u00fdlatsameindir geti <strong data-start=\"4763\" data-end=\"4793\">A\u00f0 lofthveta \u00e1 m\u00e1lmfl\u00f6tum<\/strong>, sem myndar \u00feunna l\u00edfr\u00e6na filmu sem <strong data-start=\"4828\" data-end=\"4850\">hemlar t\u00e6ringu<\/strong> me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 hindra \u00fatbrei\u00f0slu s\u00farefnis og j\u00f3na. \u00deetta fyrirb\u00e6ri er algengara \u00ed \u00feynntum p\u00f3l\u00fdmerlausnum og er n\u00fdtt \u00ed <strong data-start=\"4968\" data-end=\"4995\">vatnshreinsikerfi<\/strong>, \u00fear sem p\u00f3l\u00fdakr\u00fdlater virka sem <strong data-start=\"5024\" data-end=\"5048\">t\u00e6runarhemjarar<\/strong> og <strong data-start=\"5053\" data-end=\"5074\">skaladreifiefni<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"5077\" data-end=\"5080\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"5082\" data-end=\"5132\"><strong data-start=\"5086\" data-end=\"5132\">4. Tilfellagreiningar \u00far i\u00f0na\u00f0i og ranns\u00f3knum<\/strong><\/h3>\n<h4 data-start=\"5134\" data-end=\"5175\"><strong data-start=\"5139\" data-end=\"5175\">(i) Notkun \u00ed vatnshreinsun<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"5177\" data-end=\"5421\">\u00cd ketils- og k\u00e6likerfum eru aflei\u00f0ur natr\u00edum-p\u00f3l\u00fdakr\u00fdlats oft nota\u00f0ar sem <strong data-start=\"5263\" data-end=\"5279\">s\u00farvarnarhemlar<\/strong> og <strong data-start=\"5284\" data-end=\"5299\">dreifiefni<\/strong>\u00deessir efnasamb\u00f6nd hj\u00e1lpa til vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 koma \u00ed veg fyrir upps\u00f6fnun steinefna (t.d. kalkskarb\u00f3nats e\u00f0a magnes\u00edums\u00edl\u00edkats) \u00e1 m\u00e1lm varmaskipti.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"5423\" data-end=\"5681\">H\u00e9r hj\u00e1lpar neikv\u00e6tt hle\u00f0sla p\u00f3l\u00fdmersins. <strong data-start=\"5465\" data-end=\"5488\">dreifa m\u00e1lmj\u00f3num<\/strong> \u00ed lausnina, sem kemur \u00ed veg fyrir kalkmyndun frekar en a\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0ast \u00e1 m\u00e1lmfl\u00f6tinn. Reyndar sameina margar form\u00falur natr\u00edum-p\u00f3l\u00fdakr\u00fdlat og fosfon\u00f6t til a\u00f0 auka t\u00e6runar\u00feol.<\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"5683\" data-end=\"5728\"><strong data-start=\"5688\" data-end=\"5728\">(ii) Landb\u00fana\u00f0ar- og jar\u00f0vegsh\u00fddrogel<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"5730\" data-end=\"6041\">Landb\u00fana\u00f0ar-ofursogandi p\u00f3l\u00fdmer (SAP) \u00far natr\u00edum-p\u00f3l\u00fdakr\u00fdlat eru stundum geymd e\u00f0a notu\u00f0 \u00ed <strong data-start=\"5839\" data-end=\"5859\">m\u00e1lm\u00edl\u00e1tar<\/strong> e\u00f0a n\u00e1l\u00e6gt \u00e1veitut\u00e6kjum. Langt\u00edmam\u00e6lingar s\u00fdna enga verulega skemmd \u00e1 m\u00e1lmfestingum, a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed gefnu a\u00f0 efni\u00f0 s\u00e9 ekki geymt \u00ed <strong data-start=\"5996\" data-end=\"6027\">s\u00edfellt blautt, s\u00fararr\u00edkt<\/strong> skilyr\u00f0i<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"6043\" data-end=\"6221\">Ry\u00f0myndun \u00e1 s\u00e9r yfirleitt a\u00f0eins sta\u00f0 \u00feegar <strong data-start=\"6078\" data-end=\"6114\">Loftb\u00e6tt vatn ver\u00f0ur \u00e1fram fanga\u00f0<\/strong> undir gel-laginu \u00ed langan t\u00edma\u2014\u00ed raun a <strong data-start=\"6170\" data-end=\"6190\">Rakavandam\u00e1l<\/strong> frekar en efna\u00e1r\u00e1s.<\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"6223\" data-end=\"6266\"><strong data-start=\"6228\" data-end=\"6266\">(iii) Bleyjur og hreinl\u00e6tisv\u00f6rur<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"6268\" data-end=\"6629\">\u00cd neysluv\u00f6rum eins og bleyjum er p\u00f3l\u00fdmeri\u00f0 innkap\u00falu\u00f0 og nota\u00f0 \u00ed <strong data-start=\"6343\" data-end=\"6387\">snerting vi\u00f0 f\u00f3il, v\u00edra og l\u00edm<\/strong>Engin t\u00e6runar\u00e1hrif sj\u00e1st vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 geli\u00f0 er a\u00f0skili\u00f0 fr\u00e1 m\u00e1lminum me\u00f0 vefjal\u00f6gum og \u00fatsetningart\u00edminn er stuttur. \u00deetta sty\u00f0ur enn frekar \u00fe\u00e1 ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u a\u00f0 natr\u00edum-p\u00f3l\u00fdakr\u00fdlat s\u00e9 <strong data-start=\"6582\" data-end=\"6598\">\u00d3hvarfgjarn<\/strong> a\u00f0 m\u00e1lmum \u00ed almennri notkun<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"6631\" data-end=\"6634\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"6636\" data-end=\"6679\"><strong data-start=\"6640\" data-end=\"6679\">5. Umhverfis- og \u00f6ryggispr\u00f3f\u00edll<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"6681\" data-end=\"6870\">Natr\u00edum-p\u00f3l\u00fdakr\u00fdlat er <strong data-start=\"6704\" data-end=\"6717\">Eiturefnislaus<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"6719\" data-end=\"6736\">\u00d3brennandi<\/strong>, og <strong data-start=\"6742\" data-end=\"6763\">Efnafr\u00e6\u00f0ilega st\u00f6\u00f0ugt<\/strong> vi\u00f0 venjulega hitastigi. Ni\u00f0urbrot \u00feess krefst mikils hita (&gt; 350 \u00b0C) e\u00f0a \u00f6flugra oxunar skilyr\u00f0a.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"6872\" data-end=\"7139\">Fr\u00e1 t\u00e6rings sj\u00f3narhorni \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir \u00feessi st\u00f6\u00f0ugleiki a\u00f0 h\u00fan myndar ekki <strong data-start=\"6943\" data-end=\"6961\">hvarfgjarnir gasar<\/strong> e\u00f0a <strong data-start=\"6965\" data-end=\"6986\">S\u00fdrukenndir aukaafur\u00f0ir<\/strong> sem myndi r\u00e1\u00f0ast \u00e1 m\u00e1lma. \u00dea\u00f0 vantar einnig hal\u00f3genat\u00f3ma (t.d. kl\u00f3r e\u00f0a fl\u00faor) sem oft bera \u00e1byrg\u00f0 \u00e1 t\u00e6ringu \u00ed \u00f6\u00f0rum efnasamb\u00f6ndum.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"7141\" data-end=\"7386\">Hins vegar, vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 gleypir vatn svo \u00e1hrifar\u00edkt, getur efni\u00f0 <strong data-start=\"7208\" data-end=\"7238\">b\u00faa til r\u00f6k \u00f6rloftslag<\/strong> sem stu\u00f0la a\u00f0 \u00f6rveruv\u00f6xt e\u00f0a \u00fe\u00e9ttingu \u00e1 n\u00e1l\u00e6gum yfirbor\u00f0um\u2014a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur sem geta \u00f3beint leitt til <strong data-start=\"7343\" data-end=\"7359\">l\u00edfry\u00f0magn<\/strong> e\u00f0a <strong data-start=\"7363\" data-end=\"7385\">Yfirbor\u00f0sblettun<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"7388\" data-end=\"7391\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"7393\" data-end=\"7440\"><strong data-start=\"7397\" data-end=\"7440\">6. \u00de\u00e6ttir sem hafa \u00e1hrif \u00e1 samr\u00fdmanleika<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"7442\" data-end=\"7552\">Nokkrir \u00fe\u00e6ttir \u00e1kvar\u00f0a hvort natr\u00edum-p\u00f3l\u00fdakr\u00fdlat muni haldast ska\u00f0laust e\u00f0a ver\u00f0a \u00fe\u00e1ttur \u00ed t\u00e6ringu:<\/p>\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_1rjym_1\">\n<div class=\"group _tableWrapper_1rjym_13 flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<table class=\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\" data-start=\"7554\" data-end=\"8102\">\n<thead data-start=\"7554\" data-end=\"7599\">\n<tr data-start=\"7554\" data-end=\"7599\">\n<th data-start=\"7554\" data-end=\"7567\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"7556\" data-end=\"7566\">\u00de\u00e1ttur<\/strong><\/th>\n<th data-start=\"7567\" data-end=\"7599\" data-col-size=\"md\"><strong data-start=\"7569\" data-end=\"7597\">\u00c1hrif \u00e1 t\u00e6ringarh\u00e6ttu<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody data-start=\"7646\" data-end=\"8102\">\n<tr data-start=\"7646\" data-end=\"7721\">\n<td data-start=\"7646\" data-end=\"7666\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"7648\" data-end=\"7665\">Vatnsinnihald<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"7666\" data-end=\"7721\">H\u00e1r vatnsinnihald eykur t\u00e6ringarh\u00e6ttu.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"7722\" data-end=\"7797\">\n<td data-start=\"7722\" data-end=\"7740\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"7724\" data-end=\"7739\">Hitastig<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"7740\" data-end=\"7797\">H\u00e6rri hitastig fl\u00fdta oxunarhvarfum.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"7798\" data-end=\"7868\">\n<td data-start=\"7798\" data-end=\"7815\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"7800\" data-end=\"7814\">Breytingar \u00e1 s\u00fdrustigi<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"7815\" data-end=\"7868\">S\u00fdrandi breytingar (pH &lt; 6) stu\u00f0la a\u00f0 uppleysingu m\u00e1lma.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"7869\" data-end=\"7948\">\n<td data-start=\"7869\" data-end=\"7886\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"7871\" data-end=\"7885\">M\u00e1lmger\u00f0<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"7886\" data-end=\"7948\">J\u00e1rn og <a href=\"http:\/\/kingsmg.com\">\u00e1l<\/a> eru vi\u00f0kv\u00e6mari en ry\u00f0fr\u00edtt st\u00e1l.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"7949\" data-end=\"8029\">\n<td data-start=\"7949\" data-end=\"7969\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"7951\" data-end=\"7968\">Birtingart\u00edmi<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"7969\" data-end=\"8029\">Langvarandi snerting eykur \u00e1h\u00e6ttu \u00e1 sta\u00f0bundinni t\u00e6ringu.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"8030\" data-end=\"8102\">\n<td data-start=\"8030\" data-end=\"8046\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"8032\" data-end=\"8045\">B\u00e6tiefni<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"8046\" data-end=\"8102\">Vi\u00f0vera kl\u00f3r\u00ed\u00f0a e\u00f0a s\u00fdra getur versna\u00f0 t\u00e6ringu.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p data-start=\"8104\" data-end=\"8342\">\u00cd framkv\u00e6md <strong data-start=\"8124\" data-end=\"8146\">skammt\u00edmahj\u00e1lp<\/strong> Milli natr\u00edum-p\u00f3l\u00fdakr\u00fdlatsgela og m\u00e1lma er \u00f6ruggt, en <strong data-start=\"8204\" data-end=\"8238\">langt\u00edma geymsla e\u00f0a s\u00f6kkvun<\/strong> \u00c6tti a\u00f0 for\u00f0ast nema m\u00e1lmhlutirnir s\u00e9u h\u00fa\u00f0a\u00f0ir, pass\u00edvera\u00f0ir e\u00f0a ger\u00f0ir \u00far t\u00e6ringar\u00feolnum \u00e1lsamb\u00f6ndum.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"8344\" data-end=\"8347\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"8349\" data-end=\"8396\"><strong data-start=\"8353\" data-end=\"8396\">7. Forvarnar- og mildunara\u00f0ger\u00f0ir<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"8398\" data-end=\"8529\">Ef natr\u00edum-p\u00f3l\u00fdakr\u00fdlat \u00fearf a\u00f0 nota e\u00f0a geyma \u00ed n\u00e1grenni m\u00e1lmfestinga, m\u00e1 me\u00f0 nokkrum fyrirbyggjandi a\u00f0ger\u00f0um draga \u00far t\u00e6ringarh\u00e6ttu:<\/p>\n<ol data-start=\"8531\" data-end=\"9173\">\n<li data-start=\"8531\" data-end=\"8638\">\n<p data-start=\"8534\" data-end=\"8638\"><strong data-start=\"8534\" data-end=\"8571\">Nota\u00f0u t\u00e6ringar\u00feolna efni<\/strong> svo sem ry\u00f0fr\u00edu st\u00e1li, p\u00f3l\u00fdmer-samsettum efnum e\u00f0a h\u00fa\u00f0u\u00f0u \u00e1li.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"8639\" data-end=\"8741\">\n<p data-start=\"8642\" data-end=\"8741\"><strong data-start=\"8642\" data-end=\"8669\">For\u00f0astu kyrrst\u00e6tt raki<\/strong>\u2014Tryggja fulln\u00e6gjandi fr\u00e1rennsli og loftr\u00e6stingu \u00ed kringum kerfi sem innihalda gel.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"8742\" data-end=\"8816\">\n<p data-start=\"8745\" data-end=\"8816\"><strong data-start=\"8745\" data-end=\"8768\">Haltu pH-gildinu hlutlausu<\/strong>\u2014a\u00f0 koma \u00ed veg fyrir CO\u2082-uppt\u00f6ku e\u00f0a s\u00fdru\u00f3\u00feverru.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"8817\" data-end=\"8914\">\n<p data-start=\"8820\" data-end=\"8914\"><strong data-start=\"8820\" data-end=\"8844\">Skola m\u00e1lmfl\u00f6tum<\/strong> eftir \u00f3vart snertingu vi\u00f0 p\u00f3l\u00fdmer, s\u00e9rstaklega vi\u00f0 ferskvatnsgela<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"8915\" data-end=\"9022\">\n<p data-start=\"8918\" data-end=\"9022\"><strong data-start=\"8918\" data-end=\"8947\">Beittu verndandi h\u00fa\u00f0unum<\/strong> (epox\u00fd, pass\u00edunarfilmur e\u00f0a an\u00f3\u00f0un) \u00e1 vi\u00f0kv\u00e6ma m\u00e1lmhluta.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"9023\" data-end=\"9173\">\n<p data-start=\"9026\" data-end=\"9173\"><strong data-start=\"9026\" data-end=\"9054\">B\u00e6ti\u00f0 vi\u00f0 t\u00e6runarhemlandi efnum<\/strong>\u2014\u00ed i\u00f0na\u00f0arform\u00falum er oft b\u00e6tt vi\u00f0 litlu magni fosfata e\u00f0a s\u00edlikata til a\u00f0 st\u00f6\u00f0ga m\u00e1lmfl\u00f6tum.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p data-start=\"9175\" data-end=\"9301\">Me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 st\u00fdra \u00feessum breytum er h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 sam\u00fe\u00e6tta natr\u00edum-p\u00f3l\u00fdakr\u00fdlati \u00f6rugglega \u00ed fj\u00f6lbreytt \u00farval forrita \u00fear sem \u00fea\u00f0 er \u00ed n\u00e1nd vi\u00f0 m\u00e1lm.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"9303\" data-end=\"9306\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"9308\" data-end=\"9342\"><strong data-start=\"9312\" data-end=\"9342\">8. Samantekt og ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"9344\" data-end=\"9753\">Natr\u00edum-p\u00f3l\u00fdakr\u00fdlat er <strong data-start=\"9367\" data-end=\"9395\">ekki efnafr\u00e6\u00f0ilega t\u00e6randi<\/strong> \u00e1 vi\u00f0 m\u00e1lma undir e\u00f0lilegum a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0um. \u00dea\u00f0 skortir \u00f6flugar s\u00fdrur, basa e\u00f0a hvarfefni sem geta r\u00e1\u00f0ist \u00e1 m\u00e1lmtengingar. Hins vegar, vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 <strong data-start=\"9542\" data-end=\"9574\">heldur st\u00f3rum vatnsmagni<\/strong> og inniheldur <strong data-start=\"9588\" data-end=\"9610\">hreyfanleg natr\u00edumj\u00f3nir<\/strong>, \u00fea\u00f0 getur \u00f3beint <strong data-start=\"9630\" data-end=\"9670\">A\u00f0 au\u00f0velda rafefnafr\u00e6\u00f0ilega t\u00e6ringu<\/strong>\u2014s\u00e9rstaklega \u00feegar fanga\u00f0 raki situr \u00e1 m\u00e1lmfl\u00f6tum \u00ed langan t\u00edma.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"9755\" data-end=\"9989\">\u00cd i\u00f0na\u00f0arframkv\u00e6md er p\u00f3l\u00fdmeri\u00f0 v\u00ed\u00f0a vi\u00f0urkennt sem <strong data-start=\"9815\" data-end=\"9835\">m\u00e1lm-samh\u00e6ft<\/strong>, s\u00e9rstaklega me\u00f0 ry\u00f0fr\u00edu st\u00e1li og h\u00fa\u00f0u\u00f0um efnum. A\u00f0eins <strong data-start=\"9896\" data-end=\"9928\">\u00f3varinn j\u00e1rn e\u00f0a \u00e1l<\/strong> Ef varan er \u00ed snertingu vi\u00f0 blaut gel \u00ed langan t\u00edma er h\u00fan \u00ed h\u00e6ttu \u00e1 v\u00e6gri oxun.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"9991\" data-end=\"10004\">Til a\u00f0 draga saman:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"10006\" data-end=\"10275\">\n<li data-start=\"10006\" data-end=\"10089\">\n<p data-start=\"10008\" data-end=\"10089\"><strong data-start=\"10008\" data-end=\"10033\">Innri hvarfh\u00e6fni:<\/strong> Mj\u00f6g l\u00e1gt; p\u00f3l\u00fdmeri\u00f0 sj\u00e1lft er st\u00f6\u00f0ugt og t\u00e6ringarhelt.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"10090\" data-end=\"10181\">\n<p data-start=\"10092\" data-end=\"10181\"><strong data-start=\"10092\" data-end=\"10113\">\u00d3beinar \u00e1hrif:<\/strong> M\u00f6guleg ry\u00f0myndun e\u00f0a holmyndun af v\u00f6ldum raka yfir langan t\u00edma.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"10182\" data-end=\"10275\">\n<p data-start=\"10184\" data-end=\"10275\"><strong data-start=\"10184\" data-end=\"10202\">Besta starfsh\u00e1ttur:<\/strong> Komdu \u00ed veg fyrir langvarandi blautan snertingu og trygg\u00f0u fulln\u00e6gjandi yfirbor\u00f0sv\u00f6rn.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"10277\" data-end=\"10475\">\u00deess vegna, \u00feegar me\u00f0h\u00f6ndla\u00f0 er r\u00e9tt, er natr\u00edum-p\u00f3l\u00fdakr\u00fdlat <strong data-start=\"10334\" data-end=\"10370\">\u00f6ruggt til notkunar me\u00f0 m\u00e1lmfestingum<\/strong> og er \u00e1fram \u00f3metanlegur \u00fe\u00e1ttur \u00ed n\u00fat\u00edma vatnsstj\u00f3rnun, hreinl\u00e6tisa\u00f0ger\u00f0um og umhverfist\u00e6kni.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"10477\" data-end=\"10480\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"10482\" data-end=\"10505\"><strong data-start=\"10486\" data-end=\"10505\">9. Lykil\u00e1grip<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"10507\" data-end=\"10894\">Natr\u00edum-p\u00f3l\u00fdakr\u00fdlat hagar s\u00e9r eins og <strong data-start=\"10542\" data-end=\"10577\">hlutlaust, vatnsgeymandi svampur<\/strong>\u2014efnafr\u00e6\u00f0ilega bl\u00ed\u00f0ur en l\u00edkamlega \u00ferj\u00f3skur. M\u00e1lmar eru ekki \u00ed h\u00e6ttu vegna efnafr\u00e6\u00f0i p\u00f3l\u00fdmersins, heldur vegna <strong data-start=\"10696\" data-end=\"10722\">vatn sem \u00fea\u00f0 elskar a\u00f0 halda<\/strong>A\u00f0 skilja \u00feennan mun gerir b\u00e6\u00f0i verkfr\u00e6\u00f0ingum og neytendum kleift a\u00f0 n\u00fdta \u00feetta fram\u00farskarandi efni \u00e1 \u00e1hrifar\u00edkan h\u00e1tt \u00e1 sama t\u00edma og m\u00e1lmhlutir \u00feeirra haldast \u00ed fullkomnu \u00e1standi.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introduction Sodium polyacrylate (chemical formula: (C3H3NaO2)n(C_3H_3NaO_2)_n(C3\u200bH3\u200bNaO2\u200b)n\u200b) is one of the most widely used superabsorbent polymers in modern materials science. 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